目前國內采用閉式靜液壓雙軌驅動的履帶運輸車越來越多，尤其是在履帶推土機 、履帶拖拉機和運輸型履帶運輸車上不斷有采用閉式靜液壓雙軌驅動的產品問世 ,采用該系統具有以下優點：利于隔斷地面對發動機的沖擊；可滿足車輛較高的行走車速 ;可實現無級變速，滿足用戶對不同作業速度的要求 ;起步穩 ,滿足特殊工況的需要 ;取消復雜的機械傳動系 ,減輕整機重量；液壓元件通用化程度高 ,主機變型容易 。大功率 ,大型雙軌驅動車輛上， 采用閉式系統靜液壓驅動優勢更為明顯，雖然液壓系統要求的壓力很高、流量很大， 但是液壓元件， 液壓附件、油箱與同功率的開式液壓系統相比，體積較小，利于主機布置。以下為作者根據多年從事靜液壓傳動配套設計總結出的一些資料，供同行們參考。

1 系統構成

目前，通(tong)常情況(kuang)下 ,閉式系統(tong)靜液壓的(de)雙軌驅動(dong)(dong)采用液控或電控變量(liang)泵與定(ding)量(liang)馬(ma)(ma)達組(zu)成(cheng) , 為滿足不同(tong)的(de)作業(ye)速度(du)和牽引力要(yao)求， 有(you)時(shi)還需要(yao)采用有(you)級變量(liang)馬(ma)(ma)達。圖 1所示為閉式系統(tong)靜液壓的(de)雙軌驅動(dong)(dong)傳動(dong)(dong)系的(de)基本構(gou)成(cheng)，即由先導手(shou)柄、泵、馬(ma)(ma)達 、減速機等部件(jian)組(zu)成(cheng) 。

2 先(xian)導手柄與變量(liang)泵的匹配

設計當(dang)中(zhong)，泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)—壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以及先導油(you)(you)路或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)路調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選配(pei)非常關鍵 。全液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)雙軌驅(qu)動車(che)輛驅(qu)動油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)死區稍大些較好，可(ke)(ke)減(jian)少先導手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)不正常晃動引起泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)動作(zuo)，利于提高(gao)(gao)(gao)整機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)駛性(xing)；斜率(lv)(lv)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)好，有利于降低(di)轉(zhuan)向靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)度(du)，控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)在(zai)(zai)小排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)轉(zhuan)向， 降低(di)轉(zhuan)向速度(du)，轉(zhuan)向時(shi)，需克(ke)服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慣性(xing)阻力也(ye)小，不易(yi)導致發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)熄火(huo) 。一般情(qing)況下(xia)， 先導手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩種。在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)配(pei)套(tao)設計時(shi)， 先導手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)過(guo)死區時(shi)起始壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）點(dian) 要(yao)(yao)低(di)于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)死區排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很大壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）（f點(dian) ）， 利于主機(ji)(ji)(ji)起步平穩(wen)， 可(ke)(ke) 0公里起步。先導供(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）要(yao)(yao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）， 可(ke)(ke)很大限(xian)(xian)度(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)級變(bian)化， 一般情(qing)況下(xia)， 液控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)時(shi) ,供(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力要(yao)(yao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)大排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 5 ×105Pa左右 ,利于減(jian)少由于手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)速行(xing)車(che)過(guo)程中(zhong)抖(dou)動造成主機(ji)(ji)(ji)車(che)速不穩(wen) 。控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)無(wu)級變(bian)化對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)行(xing)程越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)好 ,如圖 2所示， 控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅲ與控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian) Ⅱ相比(bi)(bi)， 使用控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian) Ⅲ利于擴大控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)無(wu)級變(bian)化對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)行(xing)程（nj段(duan) >mi段(duan)），但受手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)操作(zuo)行(xing)程限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。比(bi)(bi)例曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)段(duan)斜率(lv)(lv)越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)小越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)好 ,曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅲ與曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅱ相比(bi)(bi) ,在(zai)(zai)同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)行(xing)程Δs下(xia) ,曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅱ的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化大于曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅲ （Δq2 <Δq3 ），對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于駕駛員(yuan)操作(zuo)來(lai)說， 使用控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅱ， 操作(zuo)起來(lai)就過(guo)于靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)，使用控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅲ， 要(yao)(yao)比(bi)(bi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅱ操縱手(shou)(shou)(shou)感(gan)要(yao)(yao)好。另外，在(zai)(zai)采用控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)Ⅲ時(shi)，比(bi)(bi)例段(duan)很大壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）（c點(dian) ）應(ying)(ying)當(dang)接近于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)—壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力（電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）點(dian)（h點(dian)）。為改善主機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)向性(xing)能 ,提高(gao)(gao)(gao)主機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)動性(xing)能 ,減(jian)少小半徑轉(zhuan)向時(shi)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)向阻力過(guo)大 , 耗(hao)用發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)功率(lv)(lv)過(guo)多 ,造成發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)熄火(huo)，可(ke)(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)油(you)(you)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)作(zuo)一些限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 。通常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)是在(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)向時(shi)， 對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)先導控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）作(zuo)一些限(xian)(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) ,使先導手(shou)(shou)(shou)柄(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力（供(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）低(di)于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力 （電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ），供(gong)(gong)(gong)油(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力（電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya) ）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)(xian)定值(zhi)可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據主機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整機(ji)(ji)(ji)參數(shu)，在(zai)(zai)保證(zheng)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)不熄火(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下(xia)設定 。

3 系統壓力(li)的確定

對于閉(bi)式靜液壓雙軌驅(qu)動車輛 ,一般(ban)情況下， 在克(ke)服轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)阻(zu)力時(shi) ,對應的(de)(de)壓力大， 此(ci)壓力可作為系(xi)統的(de)(de)設定壓力。但是 ,系(xi)統壓力的(de)(de)確(que)定 ,除了要特別考(kao)慮(lv)克(ke)服的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)阻(zu)力對系(xi)統的(de)(de)要求(qiu)外 , 還需綜(zong)合考(kao)慮(lv)目前(qian)液壓元件和(he)液壓附件可以達到的(de)(de)性能指標以及根據(ju)主機的(de)(de)使用(yong)工況、成本(ben)等(deng)因素(su) 。

4 馬達(da)的確定

雙速(su)(su)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)對滿足車速(su)(su)以(yi)及很(hen)大(da)牽引力的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，提高(gao)(gao)液壓(ya)系統的(de)(de)(de)效率非(fei)常必要(yao) ,另(ling)外高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)和低(di)速(su)(su)大(da)扭矩馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)時也應該有所區(qu)別(bie) , 高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)體積(ji)較小可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)內(nei)藏(zang)式， 或(huo)者與減(jian)速(su)(su)機(ji)一體的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案，最好的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法是都藏(zang)在(zai)(zai)履帶里面(mian) ,利(li)于提高(gao)(gao)主機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)行駛通過性。低(di)速(su)(su)大(da)扭矩馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)體積(ji)較大(da) , 為改善(shan)整機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)通過性 , 馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)要(yao)設置在(zai)(zai)比驅動(dong)輪中心高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang) ,通常的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法是在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)端增加(jia)一級外嚙合齒輪傳動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)速(su)(su)機(ji) ,使(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)達(da)(da)(da)遠離地面(mian) 。

5 油泵的確定

油(you)泵盡量(liang)采用較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)計算(suan)轉速 , 最好接近于(yu)油(you)泵的(de)額定(ding)轉速 ,這樣 , 即使(shi)發動(dong)機(ji)處(chu)于(yu)怠速供況 , 油(you)泵及馬(ma)達(da)組成(cheng)的(de)回(hui)路系統也具有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)傳動(dong)效率 。油(you)泵的(de)很(hen)大排量(liang)的(de)確定(ding)， 通(tong)常采用雙速馬(ma)達(da)排量(liang)較(jiao)小的(de)一檔(dang)，來確定(ding)泵的(de)排量(liang)比較(jiao)合適 。既可以減小配套動(dong)力，有利于(yu)提高(gao)(gao)系統的(de)傳動(dong)效率。

6 閉式(shi)液(ye)壓系(xi)統液(ye)壓附件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)選配應當特別(bie)注(zhu)意(yi)以下問題(ti) :1） 吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)路(lu)應盡量短， 內徑要大 , 不(bu)易吸(xi)癟 ,吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)路(lu)上(shang)僅加一個較粗的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)濾網即可(ke) ,如果布(bu)置空間(jian)允許， 盡量采用高(gao)位(wei)液(ye)壓油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)箱 ,使(shi)(shi)液(ye)壓油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)箱油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)面高(gao)于(yu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)泵的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口， 改善(shan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)泵的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)條件(jian) ,在(zai)連接吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)路(lu)時， 應特別(bie)注(zhu)意(yi)吸(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)路(lu)上(shang)不(bu)得有漏(lou)氣環節(jie) ,否(fou)則會(hui)造成車輛抖動，直線行駛性差 ,泵 、馬達(da)損(sun)壞等(deng)故障(zhang)(zhang)。 2）泵 、馬達(da)的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)路(lu)內徑要盡量大 ,且需要單獨(du)直流回油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)箱， 在(zai)泄(xie)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管(guan)路(lu)上(shang)不(bu)增加任何(he)濾油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)器 ,使(shi)(shi)泄(xie)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)阻(zu)力盡量減(jian)小 ,以免泵 、馬達(da)軸封(feng)沖掉(diao) ,造成液(ye)壓系(xi)統與(yu)相連的(de)(de)(de)傳動元件(jian)串油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，導致液(ye)壓油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)流失(shi)和被污(wu)染， 甚至更(geng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統故障(zhang)(zhang)。